1. Pre-Design
A. Appraisal
B. Design Brief
1.1. Obtain design brief
1.1.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineer should be able to influence the design brief at an early stage in terms of water management, system options, sustainability, climate change, regulations etc. There are various ways to influence the brief and the following suggested guidance provides information relevant to some of the issues related to building design.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” provides information on sustainability issues to help towards influencing the design brief (chapter 2) and forming a holistic sustainability strategy (chapter 3). Specific areas covered are the principles for developing a water management strategy (§3.2), a sustainable drainage strategy (§3.5), reducing flood risk, with reference to the various types of flood risk (§3.4), as well the principles for developing a low carbon strategy, with reference to LZC technologies (§3.1) and for adapting buildings to the impacts of climate change (§3.3).
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS11 “Green Roofs” explains the use of green roofs as part of the sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for reducing storm-water runoff.
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS1 “Reclaimed Water” provides an overview of rainwater and grey water reclamation system design and options.
Renewable sources of energy could be used to cover hot water demand, such as solar water heating panels and CHP. CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings” provides general information on LZC technologies (chapter 5) and hot water design considerations (chapter 10). Part C of Guide F provides benchmarks of energy performance for various building applications and a series of CIBSE policy statements that reinforce the drivers for energy efficiency.
Other CIBSE publications related to renewable technologies are the AM12 “Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power for Buildings”, TM25 “Understanding Building Integrated Photovoltaics and TM38 “Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings” with an accompanied simple tool to assist in initial identification of the most promising renewable sources for a given project.
A more holistic approach of how to influence the design brief that combines energy and water efficiency, sustainability, cost, regulations, future performance; how certain design decisions could affect the above choices and their interrelations e.g. sustainability against capital, and whole life cost against building regulations requirements etc.
1.1.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this pre-design stage of consulting with the client some general weather statistics based on location could be used towards influencing the design brief in terms of flood risk, water efficiency and system option.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The Environment Agency provides a Flood Map to check site specific flood risk (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/).
The user should be looking for present day statistics of seasonal rainfall trends, consecutive days of rain, frequency of heavy downpours and flood occurrence, based on location.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall and frequency of heavy downpours to the design of public health systems.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
1.1.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this pre-design stage of consulting with the client climate change statistics based on location should be used towards influencing the design brief in terms of climate change; possible impacts on building and building site and designing for future conditions.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” summarises climate changes for one emissions scenario (table 6).
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, in the form of maps, that could be used at this early design stage of influencing the brief.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for future trends of precipitation and consecutive days of rain, based on location.
Except from the local causes of flooding such as local drainage systems, on site rain water runoffs etc., sometimes the cause of flooding will be located in a different geographical area, e.g. the source of a river, and this should also be considered in flood risk assessments.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
1.1.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) project for indices of extremes and daily information based on observations, for various European locations including UK: http://eca.knmi.nl/
1.1.5. Input from members
1.2. Identify client and building user needs and requirements
1.2.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to identify and acquire client requirements to be used while putting together the brief, so as to optimise design in terms of sustainability, energy and water efficiency, regulations, future needs etc. Such requirements could include budget, required performance, attitude to risk, health and safety requirements etc.
An example of listing client and user needs and requirements is presented in CIBSE Knowledge Series publication KS8 “How to Design a Heating System”. Such a list could potentially be composed or customised by designers by using a series of CIBSE publications such as Guide G “Public Health Engineering” for system requirements, Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings” for energy efficiency requirements, Guide L “Sustainability” for an overall sustainability vision, etc.
CIBSE could offer a checklist of all relevant needs and requirements that the engineer could advise towards reaching objectives described in task 1.1.
1.2.2. Other useful references
1.2.3. Input from members
1.3. Refer to feedback and lessons learned from previous projects
1.3.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to keep in touch with previous projects in order to learn from them and improve their design methods.
Facilities managers (FMs) are usually responsible for the management of the building services and energy use in a building and have access to performance and energy and water use data. Liaising with the FMs during design process could provide useful information about the future operation and maintenance needs of a building and its services. Limited information on facilities and energy management is provided in Guide F, chapter 15.
Guidance on water metering, audits and surveys could be useful in order to record water usage.
Further guidance could include advice on possible channels and actions through which the design team could revisit or keep in touch with previous projects. Perhaps some research could be done in current practices.
Could CIBSE influence client perception of the value of monitoring and feedback? For example in some current projects monitoring and feedback is used as an educational process.
Further guidance could concentrate on encouraging integration with Facilities Management (FM), e.g. FM participation during design stages.
1.3.2. Other useful references
1.3.3. Input from members
1.4. Gather information about site, including utilities provision and fuel options
1.4.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should make sure that they acquire all site specific information that could influence the design decisions e.g. drainage capacity, space on site, flood line etc.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapter 3, provides information on site analysis, in relation to flood risk (§3.4).
Water services and utilities are explained in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” (chapter 2) including regulations, hot water system design and sizing, charges, metering, etc. Chapter 4 provides guidance on waste management systems including site considerations on the disposal of waste and related environmental issues.
Fuel choices, here mainly for heating the water, are included in CIBSE Guide B “Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration”, chapter 1, §1.6, and in Guide F, chapter 5, §5.2.
A comprehensive checklist of all relevant site specific information and their possible sources e.g. city councils, local planning authorities, environment agency, met office, site visits etc could help at this stage.
1.4.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this pre-design stage of gathering site information, weather statistics based on location could be used to influence decisions on building form and positioning.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The Environment Agency provides a Flood Map to check site specific flood risk (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803//).
The user should be looking for site specific present day statistics of seasonal rainfall trends, consecutive days of rain, frequency of heavy downpours and flood occurrence, based on location.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall and frequency of heavy downpours to the design of public health systems.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
1.4.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this pre-design stage of gathering site information, trends of future weather events based on location could assist in understanding the changes that the site might undergo over the lifetime of the building. Such information could help in forming a flexible water and waste management strategy improving building sustainability.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” summarises climate changes for one emissions scenario (table 6).
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, in the form of maps, that could be used at this early design stage.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for future trends of seasonal rainfall trends, consecutive days of rain and extreme events of heavy rain, based on location.
Except from the local causes of flooding such as local drainage systems, on site rain water runoffs, etc, sometimes the cause of flooding will be located in a different geographical area, e.g. the source of a river, and this should also be considered in flood risk assessments.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
1.4.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) project for indices of extremes and daily information based on observations, for various European locations including UK: http://eca.knmi.nl/
BRE (1990) ‘Climate and Site Development. Part 2: Influence of Microclimate’
1.4.5. Input from members
1.5. Obtain information on use of building, occupancy hours and on possible building form, fabric, etc.
1.5.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to acquire all building related information such as form and fabric details, building use and occupancy patterns, etc. An example of listing building specific information is presented in the CIBSE Knowledge Series publication KS8 “How to Design a Heating System” (§ 3.2).
CIBSE could further develop a checklist and guidance on where/how to acquire the relevant information e.g. client’s brief, by further questioning the client, design plans and details, etc.
1.5.2. Other useful references
1.5.3. Input from members
1.6. Establish and confirm design requirements from Regulations, Codes of Practice etc.
1.6.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to refer to all regulations, codes and standards that relate to the individual project. The most up-to-date references and links to specific regulations and codes are included in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”. Legislation regarding health issues associated with the building services could also be found in CIBSE TM40 “Health Issues in Building Services”. Specific regulations for public health issues and hygiene could be found in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”.
CIBSE could further develop a comprehensive and dynamic list of all necessary documents and where to find them, download them etc, as well as possible future developments and updates.
1.6.2. Other useful references
1.6.3. Input from members
1.7. Establish requirements for use of on-site renewables
1.7.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to establish requirements for the use of LZC technologies e.g. check infrastructure, financing, environmental impact, planning requirements etc. Renewable sources of energy could be used to cover hot water demand, such as solar water heating panels and CHP. CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” provides guidance on LZC technologies options, environmental impact, current government targets and cost. CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings” provides general information on LZC technologies (chapter 5). Further guidance on the requirements for the installation and operation of LZC technologies could also be found in AM12 “Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power for Buildings”, TM25 “Understanding Building Integrated Photovoltaics” and TM38 “Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings”.
Guidance on potential impact of future developments on the surrounding area that could affect the effectiveness of the LZC technologies – e.g. future high buildings will affect solar & daylight availability, change in land use could improve performance, etc. CIBSE could further develop a comprehensive and dynamic list of all relevant documents and/or where to find them e.g. county councils, building regulations, application documents, etc.
1.7.2. Other useful references
Grants available for installing renewables: http://www.clear-skies.org/
‘Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants’: http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/london_renew.jsp
Energy Saving Trust: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy
1.7.3. Input from members
2. Preliminary Design
C. Concept
D. Design development
2.1. Establish the key design data and parameters that relate to the design of the public health systems and the potential use of renewables
2.1.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineer should look for guidance on how to establish internal and external design conditions in order to inform the design and sizing of the public health systems e.g. health and safety requirements, rainfall statistics etc.
CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” provides requirements on the supply, demand and storage of water (hot and cold) (chapter 2), on sanitary accommodation for various building applications and drainage (chapter 3) and on waste storage, disposal and treatment on site. Water treatment requirements are presented in chapter 6, while local storage and treatment of waste water issues are included in chapter 10. Water treatment and supply requirements for swimming pools, water features and fountains, and for irrigation are explained in chapters 7, 8 and 9.
CIBSE TM40 “Health Issues in Building Services “ provides comprehensive guidance on health issues associated with the operation and maintenance of building services.
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS1 “Reclaimed Water” provides an overview of rainwater and grey water reclamation system design and options.
Renewable sources of energy could be used to cover hot water demand, such as solar water heating panels and CHP. CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings” provides general information on LZC technologies (chapter 5).
Other CIBSE publications related to renewable technologies are the AM12 “Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power for Buildings”, TM25 “Understanding Building Integrated Photovoltaics and TM38 “Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings” with an accompanied simple tool to assist in initial identification of the most promising renewable sources for a given project.
The guidance is comprehensive in relation to public health design criteria.
2.1.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
Weather data at this preliminary design stage should be used towards deciding on the external conditions for designing the public health systems. Data gathered at pre-design stage (task 1.4) could be analysed based on risk, building form and position and with client involvement in order to establish external design conditions.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
Average rainfall figures based on location are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The Environment Agency provides a Flood Map to check site specific flood risk (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/).
Solar data in CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapter 5) could be used for assessing potential use of renewables.
The user should be looking for percentage of certain conditions exceeded such as frequency and intensity of seasonal rainfall, based on location. Observed statistics of solar availability could be used for assessing the potential of solar technologies.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall and frequency of heavy downpours to the design of public health systems.
Except from the solar data, Guide J also provides the background information on their production and selection processes that could enhance the understanding of the uncertainty associated with their use and as a result lead to more robust design decisions.
Site specific information should be acquired for assessing potential use of renewables e.g. sunshine availability and elements blocking the sun around the site etc. Local information could be acquired from city councils, local planning authorities, environment agency, met office etc. and by site visits and discussions with client.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
2.1.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
Climate change information at this preliminary design stage should be used towards deciding on the external conditions for designing the public health systems over the lifetime of the building. Data gathered at pre-design stage (task 1.4) could be analysed based on risk, building form and position and with client involvement in order to establish external design conditions incorporating climate change.
Climate change information could also be used here to inform future potential use of renewables; for example, examining the potential of replacing a conventional hot water plant with solar hot water panel technology, due to the increase in sunny days.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” summarises climate changes for one emissions scenario (table 6), while CIBSE Technical Manual TM34 “Weather Data with Climate Change Scenarios” provide future changes in sunshine hours for assessing potential use of solar technologies.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, as well as cloud cover changes in the form of maps, that could be used at this early design stage.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of certain conditions exceeded in the future, such as frequency and intensity of rainfall, based on location. Future trends of solar availability could be used for assessing the potential of solar technologies.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Changes in sunshine hours included in TM34 could be used towards assessing future use of solar technologies (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326).
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides annual and seasonal cloud cover changes that could be used to assess potential use of renewables in the future. Extra caution should be taken when using the cloud cover data since the associated uncertainty in higher than for example for the temperature and rainfall changes.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
The climate change trends (in both UKCIP and CIBSE guidance) are based on a different baseline (1961–1990) than the present day statistics (Guide A 1983-2002 and Guide J 1976-1995), so they are not directly comparable.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
2.1.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) project for indices of extremes and daily information based on observations, for various European locations including UK: http://eca.knmi.nl/
The Building Regulations second tier document “Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources: Strategic Guide” provides a simplified calculation tool for assessing the reduction in carbon emissions through the use of LZC technology: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_ZEROCARBONfinal.pdf
Geological surveys at the British Geological Survey: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/
Grants available for installing renewables: http://www.clear-skies.org/
“Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants”:
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/london_renew.jsp
Energy Saving Trust: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy
2.1.5. Input from members
2.2. Develop room design data sheets
2.2.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Until recently the specifications for the public health spaces were relatively straight forward and perhaps room design data sheets were not necessary. As water, drainage and waste management strategies become more complex, the use of public health room design data sheets could be helpful, especially in more complex buildings like schools, hospitals, industrial buildings etc.
CIBSE could develop room design data sheets for public health services and for various types of buildings.
2.2.2. Other useful references
2.2.3. Input from members
2.3. Check that design parameters comply with legislation, energy targets etc.
2.3.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Design parameters should be reviewed here to check that they comply with legislation and water and energy targets. A checklist of regulations, codes, standards etc, a sub category derived from the comprehensive list of task 1.6, could be used here that give specifications on design parameters and energy targets/benchmarks.
Guidance on ways to check the design is included in CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings”, chapter 13.
CIBSE could develop a dynamic list of possible documents to be used at this stage.
2.3.2. Other useful references
2.3.3. Input from members
2.4. Estimate cold and hot water demand
2.4.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for rules of thumb for assessing water demand based on building use and occupancy and water use benchmarks for non-domestic buildings.
Guidance exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, (5.2.3) while hot and cold typical water demand for various applications exists in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 2.
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient at this design stage.
2.4.2. Other useful references
2.4.3. Input from members
2.5. Explore cold and hot water demand met by renewable sources (rainwater, solar panels)
2.5.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, can be used to meet hot water demand, while rainwater could be reclaimed to meet part of the cold water demand.
The building services engineer should be looking for guidance and calculation tools to assess the potential use of renewable resources based on the building form, application and location. Cost and benefit analysis is essential at this point as well as assessing potential sources of financing the technologies, environmental impact and alternatives. Site and building data gathered during pre-design stage as well as key design parameters, such as external design conditions, from task 2.1 should also be used here.
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS1 “Reclaimed Water” provides an overview of rainwater and grey water reclamation system design and options, as well as tools for the estimation of rainwater availability based on site.
CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings” (chapter 5) and Guide L “Sustainability” (chapter 3, §3.1 and chapter 5, §5.1) provide general information on LZC technologies and design requirements.
Other CIBSE publications related to renewable technologies are the AM12 “Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power for Buildings”, TM25 “Understanding Building Integrated Photovoltaics and TM38 “Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings” with an accompanied simple tool to assist in initial identification of the most promising renewable sources for a given project.
CIBSE is not offering at the moment a calculation tool for the analysis of contribution from renewable energy sources and LZC technologies. It is an opportunity for CIBSE to develop a calculation tool that would provide a quantitative analysis of the potential use of such technologies as well as a cost and benefit analysis, for specific projects.
2.5.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage a good knowledge of the site and the microclimate is essential towards analysing the potential of various renewable resources.
CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapters 5) provide solar data, for various UK locations, that could be used for assessing potential use of renewables.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
Average rainfall figures based on location are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The user should be looking for site specific weather trends and local elements that could potentially affect the microclimate and/or the performance of renewable resources.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased winter rainfall and clear skies to the estimation of the potential use of renewable resources.
Except from the solar data, Guide J also provides the background information on their production and selection processes that could enhance the understanding of the uncertainty associated with their use and as a result lead to more robust design decisions.
Site specific information should be acquired for assessing potential use of renewables e.g. sunshine availability and elements blocking the sun around the site etc. Local information could be acquired from city councils, local planning authorities, environment agency, met office etc. and by site visits and discussions with client.
Guidance is required on the type of weather information needed for assessing potential of renewables and how to obtain such site specific information, e.g. Met Office, local weather station, city council archives etc.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
2.5.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage a good understanding of the future weather trends and the microclimate of the site could help towards forming a strategy for improving the building’s carbon emissions by incorporating more LZC technologies and the overall building sustainability.
CIBSE TM34 “Weather Data with Climate Change Scenarios” provide future changes in sunshine hours.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, as well as cloud cover changes in the form of maps, that could be used at this early design stage.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of certain weather variables changing in the future that could potentially affect the performance of renewable sources. For example increase of sunshine hours will increase the use of solar technologies.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Changes in sunshine hours included in TM34 could be used towards assessing future use of solar technologies (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326).
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides daily average cloud cover changes, but extra caution should be taken when using these data since the associated uncertainty in higher than for example for the temperature and rainfall changes.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
The climate change trends (in both UKCIP and CIBSE guidance) are based on a different baseline (1961 – 1990) than the present day statistics (Guide A 1983-2002 and Guide J 1976-1995), so they are not directly comparable.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
2.5.4. Other useful references
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
The Building Regulations second tier document “Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources: Strategic Guide” provides a simplified calculation tool for assessing the reduction in carbon emissions through the use of LZC technology: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_ZEROCARBONfinal.pdf
Grants available for installing renewables: http://www.clear-skies.org/
‘Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants’:
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/london_renew.jsp
Energy Saving Trust: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy
2.5.5. Input from members
2.6. Explore water management strategies
2.6.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineer should be looking for guidance and calculation tools to explore various water management strategies, based on building form, application and location. Site and building data gathered during pre-design stage as well as key design parameters, such as rainfall availability, from task 2.1 should also be used here.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” provides general information on water management
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS1 “Reclaimed Water” provides an overview of rainwater and grey water reclamation system design and options, as well as tools for the estimation of rainwater availability based on site.
CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” provides information on the local storage and treatment of rainwater and waste water (chapter 10, §10.2).
Further guidance could analyse ways to minimise water demand, in new and existing buildings, based on building application.
2.6.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage information on the rainfall statistics based on site could be used to assess water management strategies.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
Average rainfall figures based on location are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The user should be looking for site specific rainfall trends such as average rainfall.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased winter and reduced summer rainfall to the estimation of the water management strategies.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
2.6.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage a good understanding of future rainfall trends could help towards forming a water management strategy that is adaptable to the changes of climate and further improve the building’s overall sustainability.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation in the form of maps, that could be used at this early design stage.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of rainfall rates changing in the future, based on location.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
2.6.4. Other useful references
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
2.6.5. Input from members
2.7. Estimate sanitary accommodation
2.7.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for rules of thumb for assessing the building’s need for washing sinks, WCs, baths etc.
Guidance and rules of thumb exist in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 3.
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient at this design stage.
2.7.2. Other useful references
2.7.3. Input from members
2.8. Assess drainage needs
2.8.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineer should be looking for guidance on the various drainage systems required and for calculation tools to assess drainage needs, based on building form, application and location. Site and building data gathered during pre-design stage as well as key design parameters, such as rainfall intensity, from task 2.1 should also be used here.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” provides general information on developing a
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS11 “Green Roofs” explains the use of green roofs as part of the sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for reducing storm-water runoff.
CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” provides information on the various drainage types and drainage design, and tools for drainage calculations (chapters 3 and 10).
CIBSE could develop further technical guidance on SUDS.
2.8.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this design stage information on rainfall intensity and extreme rainfall events based on location could be used to assess drainage needs.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
Average and extreme rainfall levels, based on location, are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The user should be looking for site specific rainfall trends, such as average rainfall, and extreme rainfall events, such as heavy downpours.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall intensity to the estimation of the drainage needs.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
2.8.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage a good understanding of future rainfall trends, such as changes in seasonal rainfall and rainfall intensity, could help towards forming a drainage system that is adaptable to the changes of climate and further improve the building’s overall sustainability.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, in the form of maps, that could be used at this design stage.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of rainfall rates and intensity changing in the future, and also probability of extreme events of heavy rainfall happening in the future, based on location.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
2.8.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
2.8.5. Input from members
2.9. Consider waste management strategy
2.9.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The waste management strategy should consider solid waste disposal e.g. from cleaning, gardening, other office and industrial waste as well as recycling.
Guidance on waste management exists in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 4 and in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapters 3 (§3.9) and 5 (§5.5).
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient at this design stage.
2.9.2. Other useful references
2.9.3. Input from members
2.10. Consider zoning requirements
2.10.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on zoning based on space application and location is important at this stage in order to achieve optimum solutions for water and waste management, health and safety, maintenance, controls and metering, storage etc.
CIBSE could develop guidance on the zoning of a building based on e.g. water consumption areas, sanitary accommodation etc, in order to explore optimum solutions for water and waste management, health and safety issues etc.
2.10.2. Other useful references
2.10.3. Input from members
2.11. Explore water management and distribution system options and equipment
2.11.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on water collection, treatment and distribution systems; hot and cold distribution systems, heating plant, reclaimed water systems, green roofs, SUDS should be considered here.
Guidance on water storage, treatment and distribution equipment such as tanks, pipes, filters, fittings, water meters etc. exists in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 2, and the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5).
CIBSE could further develop guidance on SUDS.
2.11.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
2.11.3. Input from members
2.12. Explore drainage system options and equipment
2.12.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on drainage systems and equipment such as SUDS, green roofs, drains, pipes, pumps, treatment systems, sewers etc. should be considered here.
Guidance on the above exists in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 10 (and 11 for pipes) and the Knowledge Series KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5).
CIBSE could further develop guidance on SUDS.
2.12.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
2.12.3. Input from members
2.13. Consider health and safety requirements
2.13.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on systems and equipment against fire risk, flood risk, legionnaires’ disease, corrosion, backflow, water quality, sound proofing etc. should be considered here.
Guidance exists in various chapters of CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” and the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5).
CIBSE could further develop guidance on SUDS.
2.13.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
2.13.3. Input from members
2.14. Consider operating and control strategies, and building usage and layout data
2.14.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on controls e.g. of stored water temperature and time of heating, water quality, water use and overall operating strategies of the systems, should be considered here.
Guidance exists in various chapters of CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” and the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”.
Guidance presented in the Heating area of the “Design Compass” could also be used here especially regarding integration of hot water systems with heating system.
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient at this design stage.
2.14.2. Other useful references
2.14.3. Input from members
2.15. Assess options against client requirements, performance, risk, water and energy use etc.
2.15.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to follow a methodology for assessing the various options against a series of criteria set by the client, building regulations, standards etc. The assessment methods could include a series of consultations with the design team and the client, a prioritising strategy based on client’s brief etc. Assessing the various options identified could become critical when choosing between similar options.
CIBSE could provide a methodology for assessing options.
2.15.2. Other useful references
2.15.3. Input from members
2.16. Select proposed system
2.16.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Based on the assessment of various options during task 2.15 the building services engineers should be able to identify the optimum solution based on client brief.
See task 2.15
2.16.2. Other useful references
2.16.3. Input from members
3. Design Development
E. Technical design
3.1. Establish cold and hot water demand
3.1.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineer should be looking for calculation tools for assessing water demand based on building use and occupancy.
Typical cold and hot water demand for various applications exist in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 2. Water use benchmarks for non-domestic buildings could be found in Guide L, (§5.2.3). Guidance on hot water storage could also be found in Guide G, chapter 2.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapter 5 (§5.2), provides guidance on meeting demand for water efficiently and reducing water demand.
CIBSE could further develop a method for accurately assessing water demand, especially when water management strategies are being incorporated.
3.1.2. Other useful references
3.1.3. Input from members
3.2. Calculate cold and hot water demand met by renewable sources (rainwater, solar panels)
3.2.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Based on systems selected at the preliminary design stage and the calculations of cold and hot water demand in task 3.1, a more detailed analysis of the contribution of rainwater and solar technologies to meet cold and hot water demand could be established at this stage.
The building services engineer should be looking for guidance and calculation tools to determine hot water demand met by solar technologies and cold water demand met by reclaimed rainwater.
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS1 “Reclaimed Water” provides an overview of rainwater and grey water reclamation system design and options, as well as tools for the estimation of rainwater availability based on site.
CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings” (chapter 5) and Guide L “Sustainability” (chapter 3, §3.1 and chapter 5, §5.1) provide general information on LZC technologies and design requirements.
Other CIBSE publications related to renewable technologies are the AM12 “Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power for Buildings”, TM25 “Understanding Building Integrated Photovoltaics and TM38 “Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings” with an accompanied simple tool to assist in initial identification of the most promising renewable sources for a given project.
CIBSE is not offering at the moment a calculation tool for the analysis of contribution from renewable energy sources and LZC technologies. It is an opportunity for CIBSE to develop a calculation tool that would provide a quantitative analysis of the potential use of such technologies as well as a cost and benefit analysis, for specific projects.
3.2.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good knowledge of the local weather trends and, site specific information and microclimate is essential towards determining the use of rainwater and solar technologies to meet cold and hot water demand.
CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapters 5) provide solar data, for various UK locations, that could be used for assessing contribution from solar technologies.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (www.ukcip.org.uk).
Average rainfall figures based on location are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The user should be looking for site specific rainfall and solar availability for determining contribution towards cold and hot water demand.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased winter rainfall and clear skies to the estimation of the potential use of renewable resources.
Except from the solar data, Guide J also provides the background information on their production and selection processes that could enhance the understanding of the uncertainty associated with their use and as a result lead to more robust design decisions.
Site specific information should be acquired for assessing potential use of renewables e.g. sunshine availability and elements blocking the sun around the site etc. Local information could be acquired from city councils, local planning authorities, environment agency, met office etc. and by site visits and discussions with client.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
Guidance is required on the type of weather information needed for assessing potential of renewables and how to obtain such site specific information, e.g. Met Office, local weather station, city council archives etc.
3.2.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage a good understanding of the future weather trends and the microclimate of the site could help towards forming a strategy for improving the building’s carbon emissions by incorporating more LZC technologies and the overall building sustainability.
CIBSE TM34 “Weather Data with Climate Change Scenarios” provide future changes in sunshine hours.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, as well as cloud cover changes in the form of maps, that could be used at this early design stage.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of certain weather variables changing in the future that could potentially affect the performance of renewable sources. For example increase of sunshine hours will increase the use of solar technologies.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Changes in sunshine hours included in TM34 could be used towards assessing future use of solar technologies (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326).
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides daily average cloud cover changes, but extra caution should be taken when using these data since the associated uncertainty in higher than for example for the temperature and rainfall changes.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
The climate change trends (in both UKCIP and CIBSE guidance) are based on a different baseline (1961–1990) than the present day statistics (Guide A 1983-2002 and Guide J 1976-1995), so they are not directly comparable.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.2.4. Other useful references
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
The Building Regulations second tier document “Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources: Strategic Guide” provides a simplified calculation tool for assessing the reduction in carbon emissions through the use of LZC technology: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_ZEROCARBONfinal.pdf
Grants available for installing renewables: http://www.clear-skies.org/
‘Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants’:
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/london_renew.jsp
Energy Saving Trust: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy
3.2.5. Input from members
3.3. Consider hot water demand in relation to the sizing and selecting of the heating plant
3.3.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineer should be looking for guidance on the ways to cover hot water and heating demand and the various plant choices.
Guidance could be found in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 2 and the Knowledge Series publication KS8 “How to Design a Heating Systems”. Guidance presented in the Heating area of the “Design Compass” could also be used here.
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient at this design stage.
3.3.2. Other useful references
3.3.3. Input from members
3.4. Drainage calculations
3.4.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineer should be looking for guidance and calculation tools to calculate drainage needs based on building form, application and location. Both manual and computer based tools could be used at this stage to analyse load diversity and drainage capacity. Conclusions from task 2.8 could also be used here.
CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” provides manual calculation tools for drainage calculations (chapters 3 and 10); surface water drainage calculations (§3.5), below ground drainage calculations (§3.6), rainfall hydrology (§10.2.3) and surface water storage (§10.2.9).
CIBSE could develop further technical guidance on SUDS.
Further guidance is needed on availability and validation methods of computer based tools for drainage calculations.
3.4.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this design stage detailed information on rainfall intensity and extreme rainfall events based on location could be used to assess drainage capacity.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
Average and extreme rainfall levels, based on location, are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly model output based on observed rainfall statistics are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
The user should be looking for site specific probability of extreme events e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall intensity to the estimation of the drainage needs.
The use of probabilities in weather data used for calculation/simulations could help in better understand the risk associated with the design of drainage. The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08) is expected to present past events based on observed data in a probabilistic way (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
CIBSE guidance should provide links to rainfall data available for drainage calculations, as well as guidance on computer tools and weather series used for drainage simulations.
3.4.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good understanding of future rainfall trends and extreme events, such as changes in seasonal rainfall and rainfall intensity, could help towards future proofing of the drainage to changes in climate.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly time series are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.4.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
Adaptable Urban Drainage – Addressing Change in Intensity, Occurrence and Uncertainty Of Stormwater (AUDACIOUS): http://www.eng.brad.ac.uk/audacious/
3.4.5. Input from members
3.5. Calculate waste from building use
3.5.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineer should be looking for guidance, rules of thumb and calculation tools for assessing quantities and composition of waste based on building use and occupancy.
Typical quantities and composition of waste for various applications exist in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 4. CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapter 3 (§3.9), provides guidance on the various options towards reducing, reusing and recycling waste.
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient at this design stage.
3.5.2. Other useful references
3.5.3. Input from members
3.6. Check system selection provision still appropriate
3.6.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be using assessment methods to evaluate the option selected at task 2.16. The evaluation should be based on results from detailed calculations performed in the previous tasks of stage 3.
CIBSE could provide a checklist of criteria for the evaluation of selected systems.
3.6.2. Other useful references
3.6.3. Input from members
3.7. Consider suitable equipment positions and connections (water, drainage and waste management)
3.7.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on best positions and connections for the equipment used for the management of water, waste and for the drainage system.
Guidance exists in various chapters of CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” as well as in the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5).
Guidance on the flow of fluids in pipes and ducts, including components and fittings, exists in CIBSE Guide C “Reference Data”, chapter 4.
CIBSE could further develop technical guidance on SUDS.
3.7.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
3.7.3. Input from members
3.8. Check distribution layout considering balancing and regulating requirements
3.8.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
This task mainly concentrates on water and drainage systems. The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on distribution layout requirements, especially for integrated systems such as water management and drainage (SUDS).
Guidance exists in various chapters of CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” as well as in the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5). Furthermore, guidance on the flow of fluids in pipes and ducts exists in CIBSE Guide C “Reference Data”, chapter 4.
CIBSE could further develop technical guidance on SUDS.
3.8.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
3.8.3. Input from members
3.9. Consider circuit layouts and connections and pumping choices – variable or constant volume
3.9.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
This task mainly concentrates on water and drainage systems. The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on system layout requirements, pumps and connection specifications.
Guidance exists in various chapters of CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” as well as in the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5). Furthermore, guidance on the flow of fluids in pipes and ducts exists in CIBSE Guide C “Reference Data”, chapter 4.
CIBSE could further develop technical guidance on SUDS.
3.9.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
3.9.3. Input from members
3.10. Develop control requirements for all public health systems
3.10.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on controls e.g. of stored water temperature, water quality, flow and overflow controls etc, should be considered here. Also see results from task 2.14.
Guidance exists in various chapters of CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” and the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5).
CIBSE could further develop technical guidance on SUDS.
3.10.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
3.10.3. Input from members
3.11. Size and select water management and distribution network and equipment, and determine any distribution losses
3.11.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on water collection, treatment and distribution systems (such as hot and cold distribution systems, heating plant, reclaimed water systems, green roofs, SUDS etc) and water storage, treatment and distribution equipment (such as tanks, pipes, filters, fittings, water meters, pumps, cisterns, water treatment, pipework routes etc). Also calculation tools should be used here for water pressure, pipe sizing and distribution losses calculations. Public health engineers should also consider standby and future requirements in their calculations.
Guidance and calculation tools exist in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 2, and the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Furthermore, guidance on the flow of fluids in pipes and ducts exists in CIBSE Guide C “Reference Data”, chapter 4.
Further technical advice is needed in relation to green roofs and reclaimed water systems. Furthermore, guidance on the use of computer tools for pipe sizing and design of water distribution systems could also be useful here.
3.11.2. Other useful references
3.11.3. Input from members
3.12. Size and select drainage network and equipment
3.12.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on drainage systems and equipment e.g. pipes, drains, soakaways etc. Also calculation tools should be used here for drainage sizing. Public health engineers should also consider standby and future requirements for their calculations.
Guidance and calculation tools exist in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 10, and the Knowledge Series KS01 “Reclaimed Water” and KS11 “Green Roofs”. Some guidance on SUDS exists in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” (3.5). Furthermore, guidance on the flow of fluids in pipes and ducts exists in CIBSE Guide C “Reference Data”, chapter 4.
Further technical advice is needed in relation to green roofs, SUDS and reclaimed water systems. Furthermore, guidance on the use of computer tools for pipe sizing and design of drainage could also be useful here.
3.12.2. Other useful references
Woods Ballard B and Kellagher R (2007), The SUDS Manual, CIRIA C697, London
CIRIA (2007), Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS, CIRIA C698, London
3.12.3. Input from members
3.13. Determine water management strategy and drainage network and any interrelations
3.13.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineer should be looking for guidance and calculation tools to analyse drainage capacity and water management strategy based on building form, application and location. Both manual and computer based tools could be used at this stage to analyse rainfall diversity and drainage capacity. Conclusions from task 3.2 and 3.4 could also be used here.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability” provides general information on water management strategy design and implementation (§3.2 and §5.2).
CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” provides manual calculation tools for drainage calculations (chapters 3 and 10); surface water drainage calculations (§3.5), below ground drainage calculations (§3.6), rainfall hydrology (§10.2.3) and surface water storage (§10.2.9).
CIBSE Knowledge Series KS1 “Reclaimed Water” provides an overview of rainwater and grey water reclamation system design and options, as well as manual tools for the estimation of rainwater availability based on site.
CIBSE could develop further technical guidance on SUDS as well as integrated water management and drainage systems.
Further guidance is needed on availability and validation methods of computer based tools for drainage calculations.
3.13.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this advanced design stage detailed information on rainfall intensity and extreme rainfall events based on location could be used to assess drainage capacity and optimise water reclamation strategy.
The UKCIP08 publication “The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends” provides seasonal rainfall trends, based on observed data (two baselines 1961-1990 and 1971-2000) and presented at a 5km x 5km resolution, in a form of graphs and maps. The publication is freely available by UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
Average and extreme rainfall levels, based on location, are available from the Met Office (http://www.meto.gov.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly model output based on observed rainfall statistics are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
The user should be looking for site specific probability of extreme events e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall intensity to the estimation of the drainage needs and the design of water reclamation systems.
The use of probabilities in weather data used for calculation/simulations could help in better understand the risk associated with the design of drainage. The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08) is expected to present past events based on observed data in a probabilistic way (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
CIBSE guidance should provide links to rainfall data available for drainage calculations, as well as guidance on computer tools and weather series used for drainage simulations.
3.13.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good understanding of future rainfall trends and extreme events, such as changes in seasonal rainfall and rainfall intensity, could help towards future proofing of the drainage to changes in climate and improving water management techniques.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly time series are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.13.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
Adaptable Urban Drainage – Addressing Change in Intensity, Occurrence and Uncertainty Of Stormwater (AUDACIOUS): http://www.eng.brad.ac.uk/audacious/
3.13.5. Input from members
3.14. Establish waste management strategy
3.14.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should consider the options from task 2.9 and results from 3.5 to help them establish the strategies for solid waste disposal e.g. from cleaning, gardening, other office and industrial waste, and the recycling strategy.
Guidance on waste management exists in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 4, and CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapter 3 (§3.9) and 5 (§5.5).
CIBSE guidance seems to be sufficient.
3.14.2. Other useful references
3.14.3. Input from members
3.15. Consider any standby and future requirements for hot water
3.15.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on the various issues related to the assessment of standby capacity e.g. risk assessment, risk of oversizing etc, and the assessment of future requirements.
Hot water and energy efficiency are explained in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapter 2 (2.6).
Further guidance is needed on including standby capacity when sizing the hot water plant, while avoiding oversizing.
3.15.2. Other useful references
3.15.3. Input from members
3.16. Size and select hot water plant
3.16.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Based on hot water demand calculated at task 3.2, the hot water plant can be selected and sized at this point. The building services engineer should be looking for guidance and calculation tools to help them select and size the hot water plant including guidance on energy efficiency, solar technologies, hot water storage issues etc.
CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering” provides guidance on hot water systems, storage, health and safety issues, energy efficiency and plant sizing (chapter 2).
If LZC technologies are contributing to the hot water demand, the plant sizing and selection should include the demand met by those technologies. Results from task 3.2 could be used here to inform decisions.
CIBSE publications related to LZC technologies are the AM12 “Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power for Buildings”, TM25 “Understanding Building Integrated Photovoltaics and TM38 “Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings” with an accompanied simple tool to assist in initial identification of the most promising renewable sources for a given project.
CIBSE could develop a calculation method for hot water plant sizing when integration of systems is being considered, e.g. integration of solar panels and conventional boiler to meet base and peak water demand.
3.16.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good knowledge of the local weather trends and, site specific information and microclimate is essential towards determining the use of solar technologies to meet hot water demand.
CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapters 5) provide solar data, for various UK locations, that could be used for assessing contribution from solar technologies.
The user should be looking for site specific solar availability for determining contribution of solar technologies towards hot water demand.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased clear skies to the estimation of the potential use of renewable resources.
Except from the solar data, Guide J also provides the background information on their production and selection processes that could enhance the understanding of the uncertainty associated with their use and as a result lead to more robust design decisions.
Site specific information should be acquired for assessing potential use of renewables e.g. sunshine availability and elements blocking the sun around the site etc. Local information could be acquired from city councils, local planning authorities, environment agency, met office etc. and by site visits and discussions with client.
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
Guidance is required on the type of weather information needed for assessing potential of renewables and how to obtain such site specific information, e.g. Met Office, local weather station, city council archives etc.
3.16.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this preliminary design stage a good understanding of the future weather trends and the microclimate of the site could help towards forming a strategy for improving the building’s carbon emissions by incorporating more LZC technologies and the overall building sustainability.
CIBSE TM34 “Weather Data with Climate Change Scenarios” provide future changes in sunshine hours.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in cloud cover changes in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of solar availability changing in the future that could potentially affect the performance of renewable sources. For example increase of sunshine hours will increase the viability of solar technologies.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
Changes in sunshine hours included in TM34 could be used towards assessing future use of solar technologies (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326).
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides daily average cloud cover changes, but extra caution should be taken when using these data since the associated uncertainty in higher than for example for the temperature and rainfall changes.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
The climate change trends (in both UKCIP and CIBSE guidance) are based on a different baseline (1961–1990) than the present day statistics (Guide A 1983-2002 and Guide J 1976-1995), so they are not directly comparable.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.16.4. Other useful references
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
The Building Regulations second tier document “Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources: Strategic Guide” provides a simplified calculation tool for assessing the reduction in carbon emissions through the use of LZC technology: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_ZEROCARBONfinal.pdf
Grants available for installing renewables: http://www.clear-skies.org/
‘Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants’:
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/london_renew.jsp
Energy Saving Trust: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy
3.16.5. Input from members
3.17. Finalise public health systems’ controls
3.17.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance and outcomes from tasks 2.14 and 3.10 could be used here in order to finalise the controls of the public health systems. Dynamic simulation tools could be used to establish control requirements in extreme events of rainfall.
Guidance on the controls required for the public health systems are presented in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”. Controls required to monitor overflow, water usage, water pressure, water temperature, etc.
Controls will also regulate the hot water demand met by solar technologies and conventional hot water plants.
Further guidance is needed on availability and validation methods of computer based tools for drainage and water management calculations.
Further guidance is needed on hot water systems; especially integration of conventional plant and solar technologies, controls, efficiency issues, etc.
3.17.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
Rainfall intensity variation could be used here to assess control requirements of the water management and drainage systems. Variation of solar availability could be used to assess control requirements of hot water solar systems.
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly model output based on observed rainfall statistics are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapters 5) provide solar data, for various UK locations, that could be used for assessing contribution from solar technologies.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
The user should be looking for site specific solar trends and local elements that could potentially affect the microclimate and/or the performance of solar technologies.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall to the performance of controls of the drainage and water reclamation systems.
The use of probabilities in weather data used for calculation/simulations could help in better understand the risk associated with the design of drainage. The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08) is expected to present past events based on observed data in a probabilistic way (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
CIBSE guidance should provide links to rainfall data available for drainage calculations, as well as guidance on computer tools and weather series used for drainage simulations.
3.17.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good understanding of future rainfall events and solar variation could help in assessing future control performance towards future proofing of the drainage systems and improving usage and performance of solar technologies.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation and cloud cover, in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly time series are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall and sunshine data and information on their production.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
The user should be looking for probability of solar availability changing in the future that could potentially affect the performance of solar technologies. For example increase sunshine hours will increase the use of solar technologies.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.17.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
Adaptable Urban Drainage – Addressing Change in Intensity, Occurrence and Uncertainty Of Stormwater (AUDACIOUS): http://www.eng.brad.ac.uk/audacious/
3.17.5. Input from members
3.18. Check layouts and services co-ordination for clashes and ease of commissioning and maintenance
3.18.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The public health engineers should be looking for guidance on commissioning and maintenance of all public services systems. Possible clashes of services, that could for example compromise water quality, should also be examined here.
Guidance on commissioning exists in CIBSE Commissioning Code W “Water distribution systems”, while further guidance on corrosion protection, water treatment and sewage inspection and testing could be found in CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”, chapters 5, 6 and10
Further guidance is needed on commissioning drainage systems and waste management systems.
3.18.2. Other useful references
3.18.3. Input from members
3.19. Review systems (water, drainage and waste) design and check predicted system performance
3.19.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
At this advanced design stage a review of the overall systems’ design against targets and client requirements could concentrate on various aspects of the design intent such as achieving required performance, energy and water efficiency at part load and control performance. This task could concentrate on confirming that the requirements for water efficiency and drainage capacity are met. A review of the waste management strategy could also be part of this task.
CIBSE could develop further technical guidance on SUDS as well as integrated water management and drainage systems.
Further guidance is needed on availability and validation methods of computer based tools for drainage calculations.
3.19.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this advanced design stage detailed information on rainfall intensity and extreme rainfall events based on location could be used to review drainage capacity and optimise water reclamation strategy.
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly model output based on observed rainfall statistics are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall intensity to the estimation of the drainage needs and the design of water reclamation systems.
The use of probabilities in weather data used for calculation/simulations could help in better understand the risk associated with the design of drainage. The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08) is expected to present past events based on observed data in a probabilistic way (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
CIBSE guidance should provide links to rainfall data available for drainage calculations, as well as guidance on computer tools and weather series used for drainage simulations.
3.19.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good understanding of future rainfall trends and extreme events, such as changes in seasonal rainfall and rainfall intensity, could help towards reviewing performance of the drainage and water management techniques to future changes in climate.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation, in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly time series are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.19.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
Adaptable Urban Drainage – Addressing Change in Intensity, Occurrence and Uncertainty Of Stormwater (AUDACIOUS): http://www.eng.brad.ac.uk/audacious/
3.19.5. Input from members
3.20. Check part load performance of water management and drainage systems
3.20.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
At this advanced design stage a review of the overall systems’ design against targets and client requirements could concentrate on various aspects of the design intent such as achieving required performance, energy and water efficiency at part load and control performance. This task could concentrate on confirming that health and safety requirements for water storage and acceptable drainage flow rates are met at part load.
Ideally, computer tools should be used here for a comprehensive analysis of systems’ part load performance.
Part load performance of solar systems used for hot water supply could also be examined here.
Further guidance is needed on availability and validation methods of computer based tools for drainage calculations. What are the issues associated with variable drainage load?
CIBSE is not offering at the moment a calculation tool for the analysis of contribution from renewable energy sources and LZC technologies. It is an opportunity for CIBSE to develop a calculation tool that would provide a quantitative analysis of the potential use of such technologies as well as a cost and benefit analysis, for specific projects.
3.20.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this advanced design stage detailed information on rainfall variation based on location could be used to assess part load performance of the water management and drainage systems. Variation of solar availability could be used to assess part load performance of solar systems.
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly model output based on observed rainfall statistics are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapters 5) provide solar data, for various UK locations, that could be used for assessing contribution from solar technologies.
The user should be looking for probability of dry spells and variable rainfall intensity, based on location.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of decreased summer rainfall to the part load analysis of the drainage and water reclamation systems.
The use of probabilities in weather data used for calculation/simulations could help in better understand the risk associated with the design of drainage. The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08) is expected to present past events based on observed data in a probabilistic way (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
CIBSE guidance should provide links to rainfall data available for drainage calculations, as well as guidance on computer tools and weather series used for drainage simulations.
3.20.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
At this advanced design stage a good understanding of future rainfall and solar variation could help in assessing future system part load performance towards future proofing of the drainage systems and improving usage and performance of solar technologies.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation and cloud cover, in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly time series are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall and sunshine data and information on their production.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for future probabilities of dry spells and variable rainfall intensity, based on location.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.20.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
Adaptable Urban Drainage – Addressing Change in Intensity, Occurrence and Uncertainty Of Stormwater (AUDACIOUS): http://www.eng.brad.ac.uk/audacious/
3.20.5. Input from members
3.21. Check that the selected controls are capable of achieving the required level of control, response, and water and energy efficiency, particularly at part load
3.21.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
At this advanced design stage a review of the overall systems’ design against targets and client requirements could concentrate on various aspects of the design intent such as achieving required performance, energy and water efficiency at part load and control performance. This task could concentrate on confirming that the controls are able to respond effectively to any environmental changes without compromising water and energy efficiency, e.g. changes in occupancy patterns, rainfall patterns etc.
Ideally, computer tools should be used here for a comprehensive analysis of systems’ control performance.
Performance and efficiency of solar systems used for hot water supply could also be examined here.
Further guidance is needed on availability and validation methods of computer based tools for drainage and water management calculations. What are the issues associated with variable rainfall load?
Further guidance is needed on hot water systems; especially integration of conventional plant and solar technologies, controls, efficiency issues, etc.
3.21.2. Weather data available for present climate conditions
At this advanced design stage detailed information on rainfall variation based on location could be used to assess control performance of the water management and drainage systems. Variation of solar availability could be used to assess performance of solar systems.
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly model output based on observed rainfall statistics are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall data and information on their production.
CIBSE Guide A “Environmental Design” (chapter 2, §2.7) and CIBSE Guide J “Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data” (chapters 5) provide solar data, for various UK locations, that could be used for assessing contribution from solar technologies.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
Present day statistics do not include current manifestations of climate change which could underestimate the impact of increased rainfall to the performance of controls of the drainage and water reclamation systems.
The use of probabilities in weather data used for calculation/simulations could help in better understand the risk associated with the design of drainage. The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08) is expected to present past events based on observed data in a probabilistic way (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
The next generation of UKCIP climate change scenarios (UKCIP08), produced by the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, is expected to include weather information based on observed data as well as climate change model output. A variety of weather information based on observed data will be freely available through the UKCIP08 user interface (http://www.ukcip08.net/).
There are currently discussions that explore the ways to use future weather data, rather than present data based on past baselines, in building design. CIBSE’s Climate Task Force is examining the short and long term options (including the use of the forthcoming UKCIP08 information) of providing the industry with the best available weather information. Furthermore, a group of EPSRC funded projects are examining the use of UKCIP08 climate change information in building design.
CIBSE guidance should provide links to rainfall data available for drainage calculations, as well as guidance on computer tools and weather series used for drainage simulations.
3.21.3. Weather data available for future climate conditions
A good understanding of future rainfall events and solar variation could help in assessing future control requirements towards future proofing of the drainage systems and improving usage and performance of solar technologies.
All current climate change data in CIBSE guidance originate from the Met Office’s Hadley Centre model outputs. Four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios are presented at a 50km x 50km resolution based on outputs from the Hadley Centre’s global and regional climate models (Had CM3 and HadRM3, respectively). For each of the four UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (H, M-H, M-L, L), changes are described for three future thirty-year time-slices: 2011 to 2040 (the 2020s), 2041 to 2070 (the 2050s) and 2071 to 2100 (the 2080s). All changes in climate are given relative to the baseline period of 1961 to 1990. For more information on emissions scenarios and the products freely available look at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=291.
The UKCIP02 scientific report (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=353&Itemid=408) provides seasonal changes in precipitation and cloud cover, in the form of maps, while access to underlying model output for further quantitative analysis is available upon subscription from the UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/).
The BETWIXT (Built EnvironmenT: Weather scenarios for investigation of Impacts and eXTremes) project (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/betwixt/) developed high resolution weather scenarios based on UKCIP information to be used in a group of EPSRC funded projects (BKCC: http://www.k4cc.org/bkcc/) that examined adaptation of built environment to the impacts of a changing climate. Daily and hourly time series are available to download from the BETWIXT website that include rainfall and sunshine data and information on their production.
The next generation of climate change information (UKCP09) is currently available and presented in a probabilistic way ( http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/). The UKCP09 provide information in various formats such as maps, graphs, plots, etc, available in printed reports and in customisable outputs. Changes in weather variables such as temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover etc are presented in a probabilistic way and are available for 25km grid squares, three emissions scenarios (Low, Medium and High) and seven future overlapping 30 year time periods. The provision of probabilistic projections is the major change from the previous UKCIP02 projections. Probabilistic projections assign a probability to different possible climate change outcomes, recognising the uncertainty involved in their production and inherent of our global climate, and as such help with making more robust adaptation decisions. A User Interface portal (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk) has been specifically designed to guide the user to the information more appropriate to them and to explain the underlying science and outputs along the way. One of the resources provided through the User Interface is a Weather Generator which is a type of statistical model that uses relationships between climate variables to generate daily and hourly time series. The produced time series are comprised of set of climate variables at a 5 km resolution that are consistent with the underlying 25 km resolution climate projections. Customisable outputs, including the Weather Generator, are accessible after registration.
The user should be looking for probability of extreme events in the future e.g. intensity of rainfall 60 minutes into a five year storm (Guide G, §10.2.3), based on location.
Hourly and sub-hourly (up to 5 min intervals) rainfall data could be used for simulating drainage response to intense rainfall.
All currently available climate change data and weather series for building design are based on UKCIP02 scenarios and are presented in a deterministic way which means that a single number is used to express future changes in weather variables. A good understanding of the uncertainty related to the development of climate change data is essential in order to assist in robust design decisions. Information on the uncertainty associated with climate change information could be found at http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=326.
The data available from the BETWIXT database are available for six locations. This includes the locality of the equivalent area but not the microclimate.
Although the new climate projections UKCP09 offer an opportunity for the building professionals to better understand and apply climate change information in the future proofing of buildings, their complexity and existing format can hinder their immediate implementation in building design. One of the issues associated with the data is the lack of correlation between weather variables presented as maps and graphs (Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF and Probability Density Function – PDF). For example for overheating calculations there is no correlation between the temperature and solar radiation figures for a given probability. Other issues include the weakness of the Weather Generator to represent extreme events, as well as the lack of projections on wind speed and direction.
A group of EPSRC funded projects “Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate” – ARCC are examining the use of probabilistic data and climate change information in building design. CIBSE is representing its members as a key stakeholder, technically co-ordinating the outputs of the projects. For more information and to get involved visit: http://www.ukcip-arcc.org.uk/
The outcomes from the above EPSRC funded projects will be integrated into the “Design Compass” as they emerge.
CIBSE’s suggestion of suitable external design conditions based on climate change data for use towards future proofing of buildings and their services should be made available and be incorporated in the weather related CIBSE guidance. Furthermore, CIBSE could further develop guidance on possible design options for adapting buildings to climate change, for both new built and refurbishments.
3.21.4. Other useful references
Environment Agency’s Flood Map resource at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/826674/829803/
The Government’s water strategy for England: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf
South East Climate Change Partnership “Adapting to Climate Change: a checklist for Developers”, November 2005
Adaptable Urban Drainage – Addressing Change in Intensity, Occurrence and Uncertainty Of Stormwater (AUDACIOUS): http://www.eng.brad.ac.uk/audacious/
The Building Regulations second tier document “Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources: Strategic Guide” provides a simplified calculation tool for assessing the reduction in carbon emissions through the use of LZC technology: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_ZEROCARBONfinal.pdf
Grants available for installing renewables: http://www.clear-skies.org/
‘Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants’:
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/london_renew.jsp
Energy Saving Trust: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy
3.21.5. Input from members
3.22. Check that final system and components meet client requirements for performance, quality, reliability, etc at acceptable cost; and also meet required energy and water targets and comply with regulations
3.22.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
This task is an overall confirmation of the design intent. Actions could include value engineering and confirming compliance with the building regulations, codes of practice etc.
Building services engineers should be looking for guidance on value engineering and on building regulations compliance. They should also make sure that there are no major alterations in the building’s envelope that have been done by the design team to effect building performance.
CIBSE could provide guidance on how to complete a value engineering assessment and issues associated.
Checklists of possible areas where last minute changes e.g. by completing a value engineering assessment, could affect the building performance, could be beneficial towards maintaining performance of design intent.
3.22.2. Other useful references
3.22.3. Input from members
4. Pre-Construction
F. Production information
G. Tender documentation
H. Tender action
4.1. Information from Design Development to be used here
[NO CONTENT]
This is a placeholder node that will require content to display "child" nodes
This also a content placeholder "end-point". This is due to the "parent" placeholder node also being empty.
4.2. CIBSE members’ involvement at this stage depends on the individual contract with the client
[NO CONTENT]
This is a placeholder node that will require content to display "child" nodes
This also a content placeholder "end-point". This is due to the "parent" placeholder node also being empty.
5. Construction
J. Mobilisation
K. Construction to practical completion
5.1. CIBSE members’ involvement at this stage depends on the individual contract with the client
[NO CONTENT]
This is a placeholder node that will require content to display "child" nodes
This also a content placeholder "end-point". This is due to the "parent" placeholder node also being empty.
6. Post Completion
L. Post practical completion
6.1. Commissioning, management and maintenance of the public health services
6.1.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on the commissioning, management and maintenance of the public health services, after the completion of the project, could be used here by facilities and energy managers in order to meet the design specifications.
The CIBSE Commissioning Codes such as Code W “Water distribution systems” could be used here to inform the commissioning process of the water distribution system. Management and maintenance of the public health services are covered in the CIBSE Guide G “Public Health Engineering”. Maintenance and management of the building services are further explained in CIBSE Guide M “Maintenance Engineering and Management”.
Further guidance is needed on commissioning drainage systems and waste management systems.
6.1.2. Other useful references
6.1.3. Input from members
6.2. Design review – Refer to feedback and lessons learned
6.2.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
The building services engineers should be able to keep in touch with previous projects in order to learn from them and improve their design methods.
For post occupancy reviews see energy audits and surveys in CIBSE Guide F “Energy Efficiency in Buildings”, chapter 18, while energy and water auditing options are summarised in CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapter 7 (§7.5).
CIBSE could offer guidance on reviews at design stage (project team meetings, reviews with other design teams etc) and reviewing system performance at post occupancy.
Further guidance could include advice on possible channels and actions through which the design team could revisit or keep in touch with previous projects. Perhaps some research could be done in current practices.
Could CIBSE influence client perception of the value of monitoring and feedback? In some current projects monitoring and feedback is used as educational process.
Encourage integration with Facilities Management (FM), e.g. develop processes of reporting to the design team.
6.2.2. Other useful references
6.2.3. Input from members
6.3. End of life
6.3.1. CIBSE guidance and tools
Guidance on the building demolition and the recycling of materials is relevant here.
CIBSE Guide L “Sustainability”, chapter 8, provides some guidance on this last stage of the building’s life.
Further guidance is needed on end of life stage.
6.3.2. Other useful references
6.3.3. Input from members